-
1 комплексное дифференцирование
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь Масловского > комплексное дифференцирование
-
2 комплексное дифференцирование
Mathematics: complex differentiationУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > комплексное дифференцирование
-
3 Thinking
But what then am I? A thing which thinks. What is a thing which thinks? It is a thing which doubts, understands, [conceives], affirms, denies, wills, refuses, which also imagines and feels. (Descartes, 1951, p. 153)I have been trying in all this to remove the temptation to think that there "must be" a mental process of thinking, hoping, wishing, believing, etc., independent of the process of expressing a thought, a hope, a wish, etc.... If we scrutinize the usages which we make of "thinking," "meaning," "wishing," etc., going through this process rids us of the temptation to look for a peculiar act of thinking, independent of the act of expressing our thoughts, and stowed away in some particular medium. (Wittgenstein, 1958, pp. 41-43)Analyse the proofs employed by the subject. If they do not go beyond observation of empirical correspondences, they can be fully explained in terms of concrete operations, and nothing would warrant our assuming that more complex thought mechanisms are operating. If, on the other hand, the subject interprets a given correspondence as the result of any one of several possible combinations, and this leads him to verify his hypotheses by observing their consequences, we know that propositional operations are involved. (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958, p. 279)In every age, philosophical thinking exploits some dominant concepts and makes its greatest headway in solving problems conceived in terms of them. The seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophers construed knowledge, knower, and known in terms of sense data and their association. Descartes' self-examination gave classical psychology the mind and its contents as a starting point. Locke set up sensory immediacy as the new criterion of the real... Hobbes provided the genetic method of building up complex ideas from simple ones... and, in another quarter, still true to the Hobbesian method, Pavlov built intellect out of conditioned reflexes and Loeb built life out of tropisms. (S. Langer, 1962, p. 54)Experiments on deductive reasoning show that subjects are influenced sufficiently by their experience for their reasoning to differ from that described by a purely deductive system, whilst experiments on inductive reasoning lead to the view that an understanding of the strategies used by adult subjects in attaining concepts involves reference to higher-order concepts of a logical and deductive nature. (Bolton, 1972, p. 154)There are now machines in the world that think, that learn and create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until-in the visible future-the range of problems they can handle will be coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied. (Newell & Simon, quoted in Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 138)But how does it happen that thinking is sometimes accompanied by action and sometimes not, sometimes by motion, and sometimes not? It looks as if almost the same thing happens as in the case of reasoning and making inferences about unchanging objects. But in that case the end is a speculative proposition... whereas here the conclusion which results from the two premises is an action.... I need covering; a cloak is a covering. I need a cloak. What I need, I have to make; I need a cloak. I have to make a cloak. And the conclusion, the "I have to make a cloak," is an action. (Nussbaum, 1978, p. 40)It is well to remember that when philosophy emerged in Greece in the sixth century, B.C., it did not burst suddenly out of the Mediterranean blue. The development of societies of reasoning creatures-what we call civilization-had been a process to be measured not in thousands but in millions of years. Human beings became civilized as they became reasonable, and for an animal to begin to reason and to learn how to improve its reasoning is a long, slow process. So thinking had been going on for ages before Greece-slowly improving itself, uncovering the pitfalls to be avoided by forethought, endeavoring to weigh alternative sets of consequences intellectually. What happened in the sixth century, B.C., is that thinking turned round on itself; people began to think about thinking, and the momentous event, the culmination of the long process to that point, was in fact the birth of philosophy. (Lipman, Sharp & Oscanyan, 1980, p. xi)The way to look at thought is not to assume that there is a parallel thread of correlated affects or internal experiences that go with it in some regular way. It's not of course that people don't have internal experiences, of course they do; but that when you ask what is the state of mind of someone, say while he or she is performing a ritual, it's hard to believe that such experiences are the same for all people involved.... The thinking, and indeed the feeling in an odd sort of way, is really going on in public. They are really saying what they're saying, doing what they're doing, meaning what they're meaning. Thought is, in great part anyway, a public activity. (Geertz, quoted in J. Miller, 1983, pp. 202-203)Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. (Einstein, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 17)What, in effect, are the conditions for the construction of formal thought? The child must not only apply operations to objects-in other words, mentally execute possible actions on them-he must also "reflect" those operations in the absence of the objects which are replaced by pure propositions. Thus, "reflection" is thought raised to the second power. Concrete thinking is the representation of a possible action, and formal thinking is the representation of a representation of possible action.... It is not surprising, therefore, that the system of concrete operations must be completed during the last years of childhood before it can be "reflected" by formal operations. In terms of their function, formal operations do not differ from concrete operations except that they are applied to hypotheses or propositions [whose logic is] an abstract translation of the system of "inference" that governs concrete operations. (Piaget, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 237)[E]ven a human being today (hence, a fortiori, a remote ancestor of contemporary human beings) cannot easily or ordinarily maintain uninterrupted attention on a single problem for more than a few tens of seconds. Yet we work on problems that require vastly more time. The way we do that (as we can observe by watching ourselves) requires periods of mulling to be followed by periods of recapitulation, describing to ourselves what seems to have gone on during the mulling, leading to whatever intermediate results we have reached. This has an obvious function: namely, by rehearsing these interim results... we commit them to memory, for the immediate contents of the stream of consciousness are very quickly lost unless rehearsed.... Given language, we can describe to ourselves what seemed to occur during the mulling that led to a judgment, produce a rehearsable version of the reaching-a-judgment process, and commit that to long-term memory by in fact rehearsing it. (Margolis, 1987, p. 60)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Thinking
-
4 как и в случае
•As for a function of a real variable, the inverse of differentiation of a function of a complex variable is integration.
•As in the case of silver and gold, platinum metals collect in...
•As with complete failure to deliver water, check first the whole pipe arrangement.
•As is the case with methane, these three hydrogens are indistinguishable.
•As with size and brightness, the form and motions of the comet tails are extremely varied.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > как и в случае
-
5 интегрирование
* * *интегри́рование с.
integrationинтегри́рование есть опера́ция нахожде́ния неопределё́нного интегра́ла — integration is the process of finding an indefinite integralинтегри́рование есть опера́ция, обра́тная дифференци́рованию — integration is the process inverse to differentiationинтегри́рование в ко́мплексной пло́скости — complex integrationинтегри́рование в коне́чном ви́де — integration in closed formграфи́ческое интегри́рование — graphical integrationдискре́тное интегри́рование — digital integrationдро́бное интегри́рование — fractional integrationинтегри́рование и́мпульсов — pulse integrationинвариа́нтное интегри́рование — invariant integrationкогере́нтное интегри́рование — coherent integrationко́нтурное интегри́рование — contour integrationинтегри́рование ме́жду коне́чными преде́лами — integration in finite termsинтегри́рование ме́тодом проб и оши́бок — integration by trial and errorинтегри́рование ме́тодом прямоуго́льников — rectangular integration (technique)интегри́рование ме́тодом трапе́ций — trapezoidal integration (technique)многокра́тное интегри́рование — multiple integrationинтегри́рование на гру́ппы — group integrationнекогере́нтное интегри́рование — incoherent integrationинтегри́рование подстано́вкой — integration by substitutionинтегри́рование по ко́нтуру — contour integrationпо́лное интегри́рование — complete integrationинтегри́рование по то́чкам — point-by-point integrationинтегри́рование по частя́м — integration by partsпочле́нное интегри́рование — termwise integration, term-by-term integration, integration performed term by termприближё́нное интегри́рование — approximative integrationпростра́нственное интегри́рование — spatial integrationчи́сленное интегри́рование — numerical integrationэлектри́ческое интегри́рование — electrical integration* * * -
6 как и в случае
•As for a function of a real variable, the inverse of differentiation of a function of a complex variable is integration.
•As in the case of silver and gold, platinum metals collect in...
•As with complete failure to deliver water, check first the whole pipe arrangement.
•As is the case with methane, these three hydrogens are indistinguishable.
•As with size and brightness, the form and motions of the comet tails are extremely varied.
* * *Как и в случаеStaged air addition, as with burners out of service, is also somewhat promising.As was the case for the one position example, the problem can be solved without the aid of a computer.In common with incipient cavitation, wide variations in the velocity at incipient separation are found.If the layer thickness is very much less than the radius of curvature, as in the turbine blade application, the curvature term in the equation of motion can be neglected.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > как и в случае
См. также в других словарях:
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder — (C PTSD) is a psychological injury that results from protracted exposure to prolonged social and/or interpersonal trauma with lack or loss of control, disempowerment, and in the context of either captivity or entrapment, i.e. the lack of a viable … Wikipedia
Differentiation — Dif fer*en ti*a tion, n. 1. The act of differentiating. [1913 Webster] Further investigation of the Sanskrit may lead to differentiation of the meaning of such of these roots as are real roots. J. Peile. [1913 Webster] 2. (Logic) The act of… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Differentiation (sociology) — See articles: sociology, sociological theory, social theory, and system theory Differentiation is a term in system theory (found in sociology.) From the viewpoint of this theory, the principal feature of modern society is the increased process of … Wikipedia
Differentiation rules — Topics in Calculus Fundamental theorem Limits of functions Continuity Mean value theorem Differential calculus Derivative Change of variables Implicit differentiation Taylor s theorem Related rates … Wikipedia
Complex plane — Geometric representation of z and its conjugate in the complex plane. The distance along the light blue line from the origin to the point z is the modulus or absolute value of z. The angle φ is the argument of z. In mathematics … Wikipedia
Complex (psychology) — For alternate usage, see complexity. A complex is a core pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme, such as power or status (Schultz, D. Schultz, S., 2009). Primarily a… … Wikipedia
differentiation — noun Date: 1802 1. the act or process of differentiating 2. development from the one to the many, the simple to the complex, or the homogeneous to the heterogeneous 3. a. modification of body parts for performance of particular functions … New Collegiate Dictionary
Cellular differentiation — Cell differentiation redirects here. For the journal, see Cell Differentiation (journal). In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. Differentiation… … Wikipedia
Numerical differentiation — is a technique of numerical analysis to produce an estimate of the derivative of a mathematical function or function subroutine using values from the function and perhaps other knowledge about the function. Contents 1 Finite difference formulae 1 … Wikipedia
Automatic differentiation — In mathematics and computer algebra, automatic differentiation, or AD, sometimes alternatively called algorithmic differentiation, is a method to numerically evaluate the derivative of a function specified by a computer program. Two classical… … Wikipedia
structural differentiation — A concept associated with evolutionary theories of history and with structural functionalism. Societies are seen as moving from the simple to the complex via a process of social change based on structural differentiation. The process may be… … Dictionary of sociology
